Becoming an Olympic superstar So, you want to be an Olympic Superstar. How should you plan your career, to best ensure success? Three factors stand out in deciding which teams get Olympic medals. First is the size of the population. The more people, the larger pool of talent there is to draw on. However, size by itself is meaningless. Two other factors are far more important: wealth and organization. Wealthier nations can afford better training facilities, better managers and scientific techniques. Organisational excellence ensures that the entire weight of State and Market (corporate sponsorships) work for the national goal of winning. This means ignoring economic rationalism, but instead developing state support for athletes, marshalling resources for national victory. China is the most recent successful example of this formula.
(this essay was co-written with Dr. Levi Obijiofor, Senior Lecturer in Journalism at The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.) Generally, this means that the majority of the poorer nations (and the poor within rich nations) will lag on the medal count. Well, why should this matter? Aren’t the Olympics just sports, a fun television extravaganza? Yes and no. First, they are about marketing your city, hoping that the billions spent leads to future investments. Ahead of the 2000 Olympics, Sydney spent $8 billion (Australian dollars) on the hope of becoming a future trade and financial centre. Already, the current host of the 2012 Olympics, London has spent in excess of 15 billion pound sterling.[2] Sometimes it does not work out so well. Spain is still reeling from its $US6.1 billion debt. It took Montreal nearly 30 years until 2005 to pay off the $2.7 billion it owed after the 1976 Summer Games.[3]
The Olympics are also about marketing culture -- showing others that one’s nation is modern. Second, they are about imagining the future, exhibiting to self and the world what values the nation aspires towards. England is declaring to the world that it is not a declining power; with every medal, it announces that a different future is possible. Sunset is not destiny.
The Olympics are thus filled with symbolic politics. The dark side of the Olympic equation is that they re-inscribe the rank ordering of nations and peoples. The strong and mighty and beautiful walk with heads held high, while losers continue the slide down the path, eventually becoming persons and nations that do not matter. This partly occurs because the Olympics are seen (and marketed) as part of humanity’s global heritage instead of a unique Western construct. The Olympic flame passing on unblemished from ancient Athens to the modern era is about the ‘natural’ transmission of Hellenic values to global culture: the Olympics is partly about the ascension of the West even as China challenges.
Type of Sports The dominance of the rich is maintained as well by the type of sports that are conducted. The contest therefore is not only about sports, but about valuing certain sports, histories and cultures over others. If this is not the case, why do we have the Winter Olympics, games that are arguably designed for the West and the countries ‘blessed’ with winter? No one remembered to design another Olympics for those countries that, due to geography, have only dry and rainy seasons. Can’t we have a Steaming Olympics or Dry Olympics also?
By promoting the Summer Olympics as a triumph of globalization and by ensuring that every country participates in the events determined by Western authorities, through the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the West indirectly promotes its own values. Ironically, the IOC has many members from the non-West. Yet decisions about the Summer Olympics almost always seem to leave the non-West with no viable alternatives. Of course there are options, such as boycotting future Olympic Games if the IOC rejects traditional sports from the non-West.
The dilemma here is that non-participation in the Olympics means to be marginalised in the international economic and political spheres as well. If one plays and loses badly, as most of the non-West do, a deep-seated cultural inferiority complex arises. All that is left to do is to join, to be ‘developmentalised’. And if one plays and wins, beating the West in their own game, there are two common responses: “They are drug cheaters,” or the more famed, “They have better genes.” Hard work, excellence, sacrifice are assumed to be only Western values.
So, to invest resources in preparation for the Games every four years is to play ‘catch-up’ with the West. Instead of spending money on developing traditional sports, non-Western nations buy into the sports development model. This devalues local culture, creating a further first world in the third.
In these global times, there is no space for not playing the game; the challenge is to redefine the terms in which games are played and the actual games played.
Genuine Sports? Traditional sports from the non-West are kept out of the Olympics because the West has not decreed them as genuine sports. But what if non-Western nations began to focus on sports in which they have a comparative advantage? How, for example, would the IOC react to including traditional non-Western sporting skills such as drum dancing, hand fishing, tree climbing with bare hands, 100 metres sprint race with disused car tyres or wheels, running with an egg delicately placed on the head, sack race, trap shooting with slings/catapult but no guns, wood chopping, and so on? Or
kabadi -- traditional wrestling -- as in Pakistan? What about camel riding to accommodate the Maghrebs of the Sahara region? With all these included in a redefined Olympics, will the West continue to dominate? As a Somali proverb states, “what you lose in the fire you must seek in the ashes.”
Is such a level playing field possible? The future options for the non-West in the Olympics must be to either build on its own model of traditional sports or to utilise its numbers in the IOC to force a change. The non-West cannot continue participation in an Olympics where winning on Western terms is the essence. To do so will promote financial inequity and help the rich Western nations to market their products (i.e., athletics, culture and a linear view of history and future).
More significant than winning on Western terms has been the over-emphasis on winning itself (not cultural exchange and the refinement of the human spirit, as Olympic propaganda proclaims). This theme was evident in advertisements during the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games, as recorded by Roy MacGregor of
The Ottawa Citizen. Here are a few: “You don’t win silver, you lose gold”; “If you’re not here to win, you’re a tourist;” “Second place is the first loser;” and “No one trains for second place.” By promoting these views, the Olympic Games are saying: winners are superior; winners are from the West; the non-West are losers and are inferior to the West. The Sydney 2000 Olympic Games as shown in Australia focused exclusively on those who won gold, except for the occasional hero story of the loser still finishing (“My country sent me here not to start but to finish”). This Australian story has continued at the London Olympics, however, success in Sydney 2000 and Beijing 2008 Games is now replaced with “failure” in London.
Each culture has its own sports. Some are individualistic, some competitive, and some based on ancient myths. By only giving official credence to the sports of a particular culture, our sporting bio-diversity is lost. A particular view of sports wins over other nominations of health and excellence.
Beyond the Nation as Sovereign In the Olympics of the 20th and 21st century, only winning matters. Winning boosts a nation’s image, turns winners into instant millionaires, and unifies internal enemies. More than that, it re-inscribes the nation as the natural and only form of government. Can we imagine an Olympics with different sorts of ‘territoriality’, perhaps a line-up of ethnicities, individuals, geographical and virtual communities, transnational corporations, and even civilisations? Can we imagine a postmodern Olympics focused on difference?
Can we imagine a situation where there is excellence and challenge but not in the context of ‘winning’? The desire to win, particularly in an unfamiliar turf, also encourages men and women to cheat, to bypass the most sophisticated drug testing kits available, ultimately harming their own bodies. In the near future, what will the IOC do with athletes who receive gene enhancement therapy? In a generation, will we have three Olympics: one for the gene enhanced, one for the drug enhanced, and one for the ‘natural’ (meaning, finance enhanced)?
Women and Sports Beyond the problematic non-West, the Olympics are primarily about traditional male values. Women’s sports, as in the (former) Yugoslav girl’s game of
Lastis, where girls play with an elastic rope jumping up and down in infinite variations, is one example of a female sport not recognised by the Olympic family. Women might also prefer a negotiated score in which all parties are happy. If the score is drawn, women are satisfied with that conclusion while men would prefer a ‘sudden death’ and all the metaphorical meanings behind it.
At a deeper level, the division of leisure and work in itself reflects a division of the world since women are excluded both from paid employment as well as from leisure. Olympic sports reinforce this division. Olympic sports, as feminists see it, either developed from a warrior tradition such as fencing or from leisure time (i.e., when women were busy taking care of the home economy). Indeed, the origin of the Olympics was about preparing men for war. As with the non-West, the inclusion of women has been in the terms and values of male Western games.
Still there is a beauty to seeing athletes run faster, swifter and stronger. Competition and keeping score does lead to excellence. A Tao of sports where the process is more important than the outcome is only part of the story. Outcomes are important. There is a charm to seeing individuals of many cultures mingle together for two weeks, of seeing the two Koreas unite for a brief moment, of Cathy Freeman carrying the Australian Aboriginal flag at the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games, of the antics of Usain Bolt in Beijing and London. And even if the flags of the nation-states reinforce the ugliness of patriotism, the Olympics do create internationalism (but not a global universalism).
Transforming the Olympics Thus, we argue for a transformed Olympics. In generations ahead, we need a re-definition of the concept of the Olympics. New indicators instead of the simplistic medal tally might be useful. For example, Bruce Wilson argues that chatter about Australia in 1996 surpassing its 1956 record should be seen in the context of a $32 million (Australian dollars) sports investment, nearly a million per medal.[4] And inflation has set in. For 2012, it is likely to be 50 million dollars per gold medal, writes David Salter, former head of TV sport at ABC Australia and Channel Seven network,[5] and 10 million dollars per medal.[6] For Britain, it will be 7 million dollars per gold [7]
Perhaps we need a ratio after the medal tally, i.e. investment/medal in sports. Here, Burundi or Nambia might have won the 1996 Atlanta Games. Perhaps, we should consider an indicator such as GDP/medal tally. Adam Cooper and Craig Butt argue that using GDP/medal as an indicator for the London 2012 Olympics Grenada is the winner with Jamaica second and North Korea third. And if population/medal tally is used then it is Grenada, Jamaica and the Bahamas. When GDP per capita/medal tally is used then the winners are: Ethiopia, China and North Korea.[8]
Or perhaps we should only allow nations whose budgets focus on education, health and housing to participate? Those who lead the world in military spending – the USA, China, and others – should not be allowed to participate or should have points deducted for military spending. Or perhaps, if we take the equity argument seriously, perhaps overall national obesity should be factored in. Is funding elite sports person smart if everyone else is getting fatter? While these suggestions may be too radical, certainly spending on the Olympics needs to translate into greater health equity for citizens – more sporting facilities and access to playgrounds.
We also need an Olympic Games for the non-West and women where there is neither victor nor vanquished, where excellence is achieved without domination. Ultimately that is the solution: an alternative Olympics where traditional games and the cultural stories behind them are enshrined. Hawaii already has a day for traditional Hawaiian sports. These are critical because they teach the young ancient ways of knowing, of relating to the environment. Sports teach us about one another, about our myths. They create inner and outer discipline. They concentrate the mind. They also are a way for inter-generational solidarity, where the old teach the young. Above all, sports should promote a culture of peaceful co-existence and friendliness.
Media sponsorship But would these alternative Olympics, where the mystique of Athens -- the sexist, slave, brutal city-state that it was (let us not forget) -- be globally televised? Of course not! At least not until Asian and African nations begin to control their own media stations. Challenging the Olympics is ultimately about taking back one’s history, one’s body, from the nation as well as from giant media firms that own athletes.
And even in situations of asymmetrical power, positive steps are always possible. Tim Lang, professor of food policy at City University in London points out. “I was opposed to the Olympics... But, that said, the achievements of the London Food Board and Rosie Boycott [the board's chair] in getting the games to be as sustainable as possible is brilliant.”
It’s also about fighting media imperialism and all forms of imperialism thrown up by multinational sponsoring organisations. It is about fighting patriarchy and the modern nation-state system. Finally, it is about creating a new future, a planetary civilisation beyond West and non-West.
Notes [1] An earlier version of this essay appeared as “Cultural Imperatives of Olympics,” The Guardian (15 September 1996), A10 and as “Beyond the gold: should we create new futures for the Olympics,” New Renaissance (Spring 2002), 9-11. A web version via New Renaissance Journal is at:
http://www.ru.org/sports/olympic-gold-new-futures-for-the-olympics.html.
[2] John Huxley, “London paints the town red, white and blue,” Sydney Morning Herald (14 August 2012). Huxley asks after the party, now for the 16 billion dollar hangover (with 8.1% unemployed).
http://www.smh.com.au/olympics/news-london-2012/london-paints-the-town-red-white-and-blue-20120813-2450u.html. Accessed 14 August 2012.
[3] http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/28/sports/before-the-london-games-the-grumbling-about-money.html?pagewanted=all. Accessed 11 august 2012.
[4] Bruce Wilson, "Is overtaking the Melbourne medal tally such a big deal," The Courier Mail (2 August, 1996), 47.
[5] http://www.crikey.com.au/2012/08/03/the-cost-of-olympic-failure-sponsors-taxpayers-ask-if-its-worth-it/. Accessed 11 August 2012.
[6] Adam Cooper and Craig Butt, “Medal tally stays down no matter what the count,” Brisbane Times (13 August 2012).
http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/olympics/medal-tally-london-2012/medal-tally-stays-down-no-matter-the-count-20120813-244fr.html. Accessed 14 August 2012.
[7] Chris Johnston, Marc Moncrief, Caroline Wilson “What price medals, Sydney Morning Herald,
http://www.smh.com.au/olympics/off-the-field/what-price-medals-20120810-23zua.html. Accessed 11 August 2012.
[8] Ibid, Adam Cooper and Craig Butt, 2012.