and that

a significant percentage of those with schizophrenia who did not receive antipsychotics or took them for a very limited time had better long- term outcomes than those who took them on an ongoing basis.

And perhaps even more importantly, there’s significant evidence that the long-term use of antipsychotics creates a vulnerability to future psychotic episodes.

It’s important to note that Whitaker isn’t saying antipsychotics shouldn’t be taken, or aren’t needed by all people who are on them. But he’s gone over something like 60 years of data, a lot of which is from longitudinal studies spanning 20-30 years, and it looks like fully 50 – 75% of patients could make a complete functional recovery sans long-term antipsychotic use:

Medication compliant patients throughout 20 years: 17% had one period of recovery.

Those off antipsychotics by year two who then remained off throughout next 18 years: 87% had two or more sustained periods of recovery.

The data was so compelling by 1992 that Finland switched to a selective-use of antipsychotics that year… and now has the best long-term outcomes of anywhere in the world. Fully 79% of people – not just schizophrenics, but anyone who might be given a neuroleptic for psychiatric issues – are asymptomatic at five years, with 80% either in school or the workforce.

A lot of the issue appears to be what is known as “oppositional tolerance.” Anyone with chronic pain recognizes the concept if not the phrase: it’s what requires a gradual dose increase in medication to continually receive the same pain management. Essentially, the brain compensates for blocked dopamine or serotonin receptors in two ways. In the case of dopamine, postsynaptic neurons increase their receptors for dopamine as presynaptic neurons increase their firing rate. The opposite happens for serotonin: as the presynaptic neurons decrease their firing rate, the postsynaptic neurons decrease the density of receptors. In each case, the brain is trying to compensate for the effects of the drug being released into the system. Depending on the kind of drug being taken, we change the structure of the brain making it even more (or less) sensitive.

And, in fact, it’s the very recognition of concept that makes me wonder if Whitaker’s results can be extrapolated beyond neuroleptic use for management of mental health related illnesses and into chronic pain management; perhaps it’s better to treat acute instances of pain (“flares”) and then gradually decrease dosing until the patient is off medication than to continually dose the body with drugs “just in case.”¹

Anyhow, the very accessible and easy-to-read slides for Whitaker’s NAMI presentation can be found at this link, which includes detailed citations for those who’d like to read the journal literature. There’s also a good mother-of-patient perspective from Kathy Brandt at Mad In America. And if you really feel like having a sad today, you can read Carl Elliott’s comprehensive coverage of the death of Dan Markingson in the Seroquel studies, which should be required reading for anyone contemplating participation of themselves or a loved one in a drug study, or exposure to contemporary antipsychotics.

1. Of course, I also have some admitted bias towards this idea, because it matches my experiences. We could easily call this revisionist history attempting to establish narrative control, too. [↩]